Phytoremediation of metal-contaminated bottom sediments by the common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) in Poland

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to propose a phytoremediation-based approach toward proper utilization post-industrial, metal-contaminated bottom sediments. common ice plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Aizoaceae), an abiotic-stress tolerant, C3/CAM intermediate halophyte, tested for growth in substrates containing sediments and biological removal metal pollutants. In variant tests, were admixed with non-toxic components reduce ecotoxicity hazards improve conditions. Materials methods Bottom sediment samples collected from Lake Chechło industrial area Poland. They amended universal soil other materials (sand, lime, plant ash) then used as . After 30-day biomass rhizospheric microbiota population assessed. elemental content determined substrate well organs inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs, indicating phytoextraction processes) root-to-shoot translocation (TFs) calculated all metals trace their behavior upon phytoremediation. Ecotoxicity assessments performed by using set biotests (Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit F, Microtox). Results M. proved its ability grow under harsh conditions toxic poor-quality substrates, while allowing proliferation rhizosphere bacteria. accompanied accumulation Na several which partially removed sediment-containing soils. Depending on experimental variant, maximum achieved test was: Cd, 18.1%, Cu, 47.6%, Cr, 32.7%, Pb, 36.6%, Zn, 24.1%. hyperaccumulated Zn accumulated (either roots or shoots) Ni. BAF values (> 1.0,) obtained following metals: Ni, Cu (roots) (shoots). highest TF 1), confirming high phytoremediation potential, (33.33), Cd (1.47), (1.77), Cr (7.85), (4.02). revealed class III toxicity (acute), decreased admixing materials. Surprisingly, treatment led increase levels, possibly mobilizing potentially elements during microbial development. However, mixing lime enabled us maintain I (no acute toxicity). Conclusion reveals strong application potential use reclamation soils revitalization industrially degraded areas